Literature review

The definition of classroom culture

As a result of the ambiguous definition of culture itself, the definition of classroom culture is still various among different researchers. Look up for Collins Cobuild Advanced Learners Dictionary, culture consists of activities such as the arts and philosophy, which are considered to be important for the development of civilization and of peoplersquo;s minds. Hitherto, we can conjecture classroom culture as a combination of activities and encounter of value which take place in a certain circumstance within certain amounts of people. The circumstance is a spatiotemporal concept, which refers to both at class time and in the classroom.

The exact definition of classroom culture remains contradictory, so this study will research on classroom culture based on the definition clarified by Professor Congman Wang. “We regard classroom culture as a component of culture of classroom surroundings, classroom teaching and classroom values.”^[1]

Previous studies at home and abroad:

Contemporary researches of classroom culture mainly focus on primary and middle phase of education and pay a lot of attention to native language classroom culture rather than do some comparative study.

Related studies at abroad: Researchers at abroad started from American scholar Jackson P.W, his book Classroom Life explains the function of class group and the award and analyzes implicit curriculum.

From the perspective of theory:

Holliday (1994) points out that a main contributor to the classroom culture is composed of several parts, including the classroom, students, professional academic and national cultures. The influence on classroom culture originates not only from the classroom, but partly from outside the classroom.

Peter Sullivan and Amanda Aulert think it is possible to foster classroom culture in which teachers pose tasks that challenge students and encourage them to persist when working on those tasks. And there is a tendency for teachers to reduce the demand of tasks when planning, and to over explain tasks during lessons fearing negative studentsrsquo; reactions to the risks they are required to take.

From the perspective of research:

The research of Silvia (2015) aims to investigate certain specific aspects of micro-sociology and emphasize on classroom culture. The research points out that the ensemble of value, class cohesion degree and training strategies are only a few of the aspects described by 62 pupils aged 17 or 18 years old, from a very prestigious school in Bucharest. And the research instrument is an inquiry based on a questionnaire with multiple choices answers, which cover the autonomy in pupilsrsquo; behaviors, the typology of norms and rules, values promoted in the classroom and so forth. First he claims that the classroom culture represents an important feature of social and learning group and this concept can be defined as an ensemble of values, beliefs, aspirations, expectations and behaviors, which prevails in the classroom, conditioning its performances.

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