On the Translation of Movie Subtitles from the Perspective of Functional Equivalence Theory文献综述

 2022-09-08 11:09

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On the Translation of Movie Subtitles from the Perspective of Functional Equivalence Theory

Abstract: Ever since the twentieth century, with integration with the global economy, the increasing communication between countries has changed from simply business trade and tourism to the communication in cultural field. Movies, as a carrier of the mass media, play a great role in the communication of countries. Most movies are based on peoplersquo;s real lives. Therefore, the cultural information of the country in the movies, the local conditions customs, the expression of languages are displayed by actorsrsquo; performance and camera lens. Introducing more and more original movies not only riches peoplersquo;s lives and broad their horizon, but also enables them to know more about the lives and culture in other countries.

A highly integration of spoken and written language, movie language is a special one that can be seen and listened. An excellent movie is accurate, dynamic, and logical in accent, vocabulary, meaning and tone. Therefore, successful translation of movies enables people to enjoy themselves both visually and acoustically. Based on this point, people demand higher requirement on the translation of movies.

Movie translation enjoys a shorter history compared with other forms of translation. While the subtitles translation, as the most vivid and direct means of movie translation, is still based on experiences and comprehension. Therefore, a deep study on the translation theory, strategy and approach of subtitles translation is practically important and meaningful.

By analyzing functional equivalence theory in the subtitles translation of movies, this thesis is intended to analyze and prove the feasibility and necessity of functional equivalence in the subtitles translation of movies.

This thesis is divided into five chapters

Chapter One：Introduction

Chapter Two：Brief introduction of Eugene Nidarsquo;s Functional Equivalence in subtitles translation of movies. Also, the related studies on functional equivalence theory and its application in translation are covered.

Chapter Three：The concept, features and classification of movie subtitles are introduced. The background, features and requirements of subtitles translation of movies are involved in this paper.

Chapter Four：Selected examples in movies are analyzed based on different levels. The principle and strategies on subtitles translation are also included.

Chapter Five：Summary and conclusion.

Key Words: functional equivalence theory, movie subtitles translation, suggestion and strategies

  1. Literature Review

1.1 Nidarsquo;s Functional Equivalence Theory

1.1.1 Proposition and development of functional equivalence

Eugene A. Nida, the proposer of the theory, has been a pioneer in the fields of translation and linguistics. His translation theory has exerted a great influence on translation studies in Western countries. His works on translation set off the study of modern translation as an academic field, and he is regarded as “the patriarch of translation study and a founder of the discipline”

Before Nida advanced his translation theory in the 1960s, there was a tendency in translating that emphasize on technical accuracy and literalism, which had a very negative effect on Bible translations in the 19th century. Most English versions of Bible at that time, adopting the 16th century forms, were only popular with theological “ponies” , but never popular with the Christian community of English-speaking people for their bad performance in communicating effectively. Here comes the creation of “dynamic equivalence” of Nida. Nidarsquo;s theory of dynamic theory is his most notable contribution to translation studies. The concept is first mentioned in his article Principles of Translation as Exemplified by Bible Translating (1959) as he attempts to define translating. Later, the expression “dynamic equivalence” is superseded by “functional equivalence” in his work From One Language to Another (1986, with DeWaard). However, there are essentially not many differences between the two concepts. The substitution of “functional equivalence” is just to stress the concept of function and to avoid misunderstandings of the term “dynamic” , which is mistaken by some people for something in the sense of impact. Since then, functional equivalence has been widely adopted by many translators and has been successful, although the questions and challenges on it also exist.

1.1.2 Definition and interpretation

Eugene A. Nidarsquo;s translation theory—functional equivalence attempts to convey the thought expressed in a original text, and avoid strict adherence to the original text in favor of a more natural rendering in the target language. Realistically speaking, functional equivalence is defined as: The readers of a translated text should be able to comprehend it to the point that they can conceive of how the original readers of the text must have understood and appreciated it. Ideally speaking, functional equivalence is defined as: The readers of a translated text should be able to understand and appreciate it

1.2 Studies of relevance theory and related studies

1.2.1 Studies Abroad

Subtitles translation is a new but rapidly developing discipline abroad. At abroad, some well-known translation theorists like Eugene A.Nida, Peter Fawcett and Susan Bassnett have partially mentioned movie subtitles translation in their works, but none of them have made a further study in this field to develop systematic or relatively mature theories, general principles or criterion on movie subtitles translation. According to Peter Fawcett, sound translation may become the overriding concern in the dubbing of movies. The mismatch between what the audiences sees and hears can pose a lot of problems: the aesthetics effect may be destroyed, comprehension may be impaired, or it might quite simply be as irritating as an unscratched itch,(Fawcett,1997:13). Susan Bassnett points out that the translation process of cinematic text involves “akinetic-visual component” as the audience watches the lip movements of the actors or actresses closely(Bassnett, 1981:133). Both of them point out the complexity or difficulty of the work of movie subtitles translation, but neither of them has suggested a way out.

1.2.2 Domestic Studies

In China, some famous translators like Professor Xia Ping, Qian Shaochang, Zhang Chunbai, have successfully translated a lot of English movies and TV series like Growing Pains, The Colbys, Hotel, Love at First Sight, etc. Though there is still no academic works on movie subtitles translation, have proposed some constructive suggestions on movie subtitles translation. Professor Xiao Ping holds the view that, because of great differences in language and culture between China and western countries, movie substiles translation should pay much more special attention to “instant effect” rather than to the original language forms or structures (Xia Ping,1998). Professor Qian Shaochang believes that, in movie subtitles translation, the principle of “expressiveness” is much more important than the principles of “faithfulness” and “elegance” because of the specialty of movie arts. Sometimes it is even acceptable to aim at expressiveness at the expense of faithfulness. As to the general principle of “elegance”, professor Qian proposes that it should not be viewed from the level as Yan Fu defined, however, it is similar to Lin Yutangrsquo;s principle of “beauty”, besides, as far as translation(Qian Shaochang,2000). Professor Zhang Chunbai proposes that, according to the basic characteristics of movie arts, movie subtitles translation should be target-audience-oriented and the method should be mainly free translation. At the same time, movie translators should try to keep the original atmosphere, in Eugene A.Nidarsquo;s term, to achieve the effect of functional equivalence.(Zhang Chunbai,1998).

1.3 Conclusion

Nidarsquo;s functional equivalence theory has greatly influenced the translation circles, which has been widely adopted in various fields, especially in film subtitle translation. However, the study of film subtitle translation is still not mature, and this theory cannot explain and solve all the problems in the translation of movies or TV series. The research of subtitle translation is a task taking much time and efforts, which requires every translatorrsquo;s joint efforts.

2. Reference

五、主要参考文献（作者、书名、论文题目、出版社或出版号、出版年月或出版期号。文科不得少于15篇，理科不得少于10篇，其中外文文献应不少于2篇）

[1] Eugene A Nida，Charles R Taber．The Theory and Practice of Translation［M］．1969

[2] Jan, D.W. amp; Eugene A.N. From one Language to Another[M]. Tennesse: Thomas Nelson Inc. 1986

[3] Ma, H. A Study on Nidarsquo;s Translation Theory[M]. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2003

[4] Newmark, P. A Text Book of Translation[M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001

[5] Nida, E.A. Toward a Science of Translating[M]. Leiden: Brill Academic Publishers. 2003

[6] Nida, E.A. Language, culture, and translating[M]. Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 1993

[7] Nida, E.A. Toward a Science of Translation[M]. Leiden:E.J Briu.1964

[8] Wayley, A. The Book of Songs[M]. New York: Grove Press, Inc. 1960

[9] Mona Baker. In Other Words: A Coursebook on Translation[M]. Beijing: Beijing Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2000

[10] Eugene A. Nida, Language, Culture and Translating [M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign L

[11]郭建中. 当代美国翻译理论［M］. 湖北教育出版社，2000.

[12]杨敏. 《功能对等原则在电影字幕翻译中的应用—以国外的演讲的字幕翻译为例》[J].电影文学2011年第16期，2011

[13]谭载喜. 《新编奈达论翻译》[M]. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司, 1999

[14]陈玉. 《电影字幕翻译中功能对等理论应用分析—以电影《冰河世纪3》字幕翻译为例[J]. 哈尔滨: 哈尔滨学院学报, 2012

[15]张春柏. 影视翻译初探［J］. 中国翻译，1998

[16]赵春梅. 论译制片翻译中的四对主要矛盾［J］.中国翻译，2002

资料编号：[285393]

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